Impairment of fixed assetsAt each reporting period end date, the company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible assets todetermine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any suchindication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of theimpairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value inuse, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate thatreflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset forwhich the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount.An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at arevalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.Recognised impairment losses are reversed if, and only if, the reasons for the impairment loss haveceased to apply. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.Cash at bank and in handCash at bank and in hand are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call withbanks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bankoverdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.Financial instrumentsThe company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section12 ‘Other Financial Instruments Issues’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments. Financial instruments are recognised in the company's balance sheet when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.Financial assets and liabilities are offset , with the net amounts presented in the financial statements , whenthere is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.Basic financial assetsBasic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured attransaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using theeffective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.Classification of financial liabilitiesFinancial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.Basic financial liabilitiesBasic financial liabilities, including creditors, bank loans, loans from fellow group companies andpreference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless thearrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the presentvalue of the future payments discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified aspayable within one year are not amortised.Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary courseof business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due withinone year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.Equity instrumentsEquity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at thediscretion of the company.DerivativesDerivatives are initially recognised at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and aresubsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting end date. The resulting gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship.A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised as a financial asset, whereas a derivative with a negative fair value is recognised as a financial liability.TaxationThe tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.Current taxThe tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit asreported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The company’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.Deferred taxDeferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets arerecognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred taxliabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timingdifference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss account, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.Employee benefitsThe costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrablycommitted to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.Retirement benefitsPayments to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.LeasesLeases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risksand rewards of ownership to the lessees. All other leases are classified as operating leases.Assets held under finance leases are recognised as assets at the lower of the assets fair value at the dateof inception and the present value of the minimum lease payments. The related liability is included in thebalance sheet as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are treated as consisting of capital andinterest elements. The interest is charged to the profit and loss account so as to produce a constantperiodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.