Thermoseal Group Limited - Limited company accounts 23.2

REGISTERED NUMBER: 01705619 (England and Wales)

STRATEGIC REPORT,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS AND

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023

FOR

THERMOSEAL GROUP LIMITED

Page

Company Information

1

Strategic Report

2

Report of the Directors

3

Report of the Independent Auditors

4

Income Statement

8

Other Comprehensive Income

9

Balance Sheet

10

Statement of Changes in Equity

11

Cash Flow Statement

12

Notes to the Cash Flow Statement

13

Notes to the Financial Statements

14

DIRECTORS:

M A Hickox

G R Paterson

G L Busby

SECRETARY:

G R Paterson

REGISTERED OFFICE:

Gavin Way Nexus Point

Holford Broadlands

Birmingham

West Midlands

B6 7AF

REGISTERED NUMBER:

01705619 (England and Wales)

AUDITORS:

Luckmans Duckett Parker Limited

1110 Elliott Court

Coventry Business Park

Herald Avenue

Coventry

West Midlands

CV5 6UB

The directors present their strategic report for the year ended 31 December 2023.

REVIEW OF BUSINESS

The principal activity of the company continues to be the manufacture and supply of components to the insulated glass industry in the United Kingdom and worldwide markets.

The directors are pleased to provide a review of the business of the company during the year and the position at the end of it.

Turnover in the year was comparable to the prior year.

The company's balance sheet remains very strong, with cash reserves available for the continuing developments in the manufacturing processes.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

We consider the key performance indicators of Thermoseal Group to be that of turnover, gross margin and operating profit.

Thermoseal's turnover for the year remained stable at £33.5M compared to £33.6M in 2022.

The gross margin for the year decreased by 0.6% to 33.8% (2022 - 34.4%), mainly due to underlying cost pressures and increases in energy costs.

Operating profit reduced slightly to £2,965,396 (2022 - £3,395,633).

Profit after taxation was £2,443,770 (2022 - £2,715,940). £Nil (2022 - £250,000) of this was distributed as dividends during the year with all (2022 - the remainder of) profits being retained and added to the companies reserves.

PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

The key risk facing the company is the competitive nature of the marketplace in which it operates, the directors are however, confident of continuing to successfully compete now and into the foreseeable future, adopting a forward-thinking approach that will ensure the company remains innovative and competitive.

The company will attempt to mitigate any retraction in the UK market by remaining highly competitive and growing export sales. The directors actively seek to mitigate exposure to bad debts and currency fluctuation.

DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE

The company has maintained its strong position in the UK market and is building its presence in export markets, which continue to be a prime focus. It is the company's policy to continue its investment in the manufacturing and research and development divisions as they seek to be at the forefront of innovative, cost effective and energy efficient product design.

The directors fully expect the success and growth of Thermoseal Group Ltd to continue throughout 2024 and beyond..

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

G R Paterson - Director

4 June 2024

The directors present their report with the financial statements of the company for the year ended 31 December 2023.

DIVIDENDS

No dividends will be distributed for the year ended 31 December 2023.

DIRECTORS

The directors shown below have held office during the whole of the period from 1 January 2023 to the date of this report.

M A Hickox

G R Paterson

G L Busby

DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES STATEMENT

The directors are responsible for preparing the Strategic Report, the Report of the Directors and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

-	select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

-	make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

-	prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

STATEMENT AS TO DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION TO AUDITORS

So far as the directors are aware, there is no relevant audit information (as defined by Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006) of which the company's auditors are unaware, and each director has taken all the steps that he ought to have taken as a director in order to make himself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the company's auditors are aware of that information.

AUDITORS

The auditors, Luckmans Duckett Parker Limited, will be proposed for re-appointment at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting.

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

G R Paterson - Director

4 June 2024

Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of Thermoseal Group Limited (the 'company') for the year ended 31 December 2023 which comprise the Income Statement, Other Comprehensive Income, Balance Sheet, Statement of Changes in Equity, Cash Flow Statement and Notes to the Cash Flow Statement, Notes to the Financial Statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 'The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

-	give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 31 December 2023 and of its profit for the year then ended;

-	have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and

-	have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC's Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The directors are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information in the Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors, but does not include the financial statements and our Report of the Auditors thereon.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:

-	the information given in the Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

-	the Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Strategic Report or the Report of the Directors.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

-	adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

-	the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

-	certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

-	we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Responsibilities of directors

As explained more fully in the Directors' Responsibilities Statement set out on page three, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue a Report of the Auditors that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

In identifying and assessing the risk of material misstatement in respect of irregularities, including fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations, our procedures included the following:

-

reference to past history and experience of the Entity,

-

enquiry of management, including obtaining and reviewing supporting documentation concerning the Entity's procedures relating to:

-

identifying and complying with laws and regulations and whether they were aware of any instances of non-compliance;

-

detection and response to risk of fraud and whether they were aware of any actual or suspected instances of fraud.

-

assessment of the controls and processes that the Entity has in place to mitigate risk

Our assessments included the identification of the following potential areas for fraud:

-

Management override of control;

-

Revenue recognition, particularly in respect of delivery of goods

We design audit procedures by tailored and directed testing to aid and support the level of determined level of risk. In response to the assessed risk we plan audit tests and procedures that target specific areas where misstatement may occur. These procedures and the extent to which they are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, are detailed below:

-

We critically assessed the appropriateness and tested the application of the revenue and cost recognition policies

-

We tested the appropriateness of accounting journals and other adjustments made in the preparation of the financial statements

-

We reviewed the Entity's accounting policies for non-compliance with relevant standards.

-

We made enquiries of management and reviewed correspondence with the relevant authorities to identify any irregularities or instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations

In performing an audit in accordance with UK GAAP, we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit process.

The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion or override of internal controls. There are inherent limitations in the audit procedures performed.

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Report of the Auditors.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters we are required to state to them in a Report of the Auditors and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Mark Spafford FCCA ACA (Senior Statutory Auditor)

for and on behalf of Luckmans Duckett Parker Limited

1110 Elliott Court

Coventry Business Park

Herald Avenue

Coventry

West Midlands

CV5 6UB

4 June 2024

TURNOVER

4

33,490,312

33,631,642

Cost of sales

22,174,802

22,059,259

GROSS PROFIT

11,315,510

11,572,383

Distribution costs

1,202,836

1,196,190

Administrative expenses

7,147,278

6,980,560

8,350,114

8,176,750

OPERATING PROFIT

6

2,965,396

3,395,633

Interest receivable and similar income

259,206

65,309

3,224,602

3,460,942

Interest payable and similar expenses

7

15,355

16,326

PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION

3,209,247

3,444,616

Tax on profit

8

765,477

728,676

PROFIT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR

2,443,770

2,715,940

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

2,443,770

2,715,940

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

-

-

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR

2,443,770

2,715,940

FIXED ASSETS

Tangible assets

10

10,791,550

10,891,924

Investments

11

760

760

10,792,310

10,892,684

CURRENT ASSETS

Stocks

12

5,801,834

6,736,235

Debtors

13

5,039,845

5,270,865

Cash at bank and in hand

11,285,285

8,074,067

22,126,964

20,081,167

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due within one year

14

3,887,725

4,538,934

NET CURRENT ASSETS

18,239,239

15,542,233

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES

29,031,549

26,434,917

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due after more than one year

15

(311,590

)

(219,848

)

PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES

20

(1,118,419

)

(1,057,299

)

NET ASSETS

27,601,540

25,157,770

CAPITAL AND RESERVES

Called up share capital

21

10,760

10,760

Capital redemption reserve

22

24

24

Retained earnings

22

27,590,756

25,146,986

SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

27,601,540

25,157,770

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 4 June 2024 and were signed on its behalf by:

G R Paterson - Director

Called up

Capital

share

Retained

redemption

Total

capital

earnings

reserve

equity

£

£

£

£

Balance at 1 January 2022

10,760

22,681,046

24

22,691,830

Changes in equity

Total comprehensive income

-

2,715,940

-

2,715,940

Dividends

-

(250,000

)

-

(250,000

)

Balance at 31 December 2022

10,760

25,146,986

24

25,157,770

Changes in equity

Total comprehensive income

-

2,443,770

-

2,443,770

Balance at 31 December 2023

10,760

27,590,756

24

27,601,540

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash generated from operations

1

4,289,648

3,893,651

Interest paid

(1,214

)

(5,426

)

Interest element of hire purchase payments paid

(14,141

)

(10,900

)

Tax paid

(162,536

)

(532,113

)

Net cash from operating activities

4,111,757

3,345,212

Cash flows from investing activities

Purchase of tangible fixed assets

(912,290

)

(3,166,495

)

Sale of tangible fixed assets

1,500

3,890

Interest received

259,206

65,309

Net cash from investing activities

(651,584

)

(3,097,296

)

Cash flows from financing activities

Loan repayments in year

(105,475

)

(135,902

)

Capital repayments in year

(143,480

)

(131,779

)

Equity dividends paid

-

(250,000

)

Net cash from financing activities

(248,955

)

(517,681

)

Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

3,211,218

(269,765

)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

2

8,074,067

8,343,832

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

2

11,285,285

8,074,067

1.	RECONCILIATION OF PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION TO CASH GENERATED FROM OPERATIONS

2023

2022

£

£

Profit before taxation

3,209,247

3,444,616

Depreciation charges

1,269,105

1,062,197

Loss on disposal of fixed assets

940

1,369

Finance costs

15,355

16,326

Finance income

(259,206

)

(65,309

)

4,235,441

4,459,199

Decrease in stocks

934,401

159,825

Decrease/(increase) in trade and other debtors

13,456

(326,465

)

Decrease in trade and other creditors

(893,650

)

(398,908

)

Cash generated from operations

4,289,648

3,893,651

2.	CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The amounts disclosed on the Cash Flow Statement in respect of cash and cash equivalents are in respect of these Balance Sheet amounts:

Year ended 31 December 2023

31.12.23

1.1.23

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

11,285,285

8,074,067

Year ended 31 December 2022

31.12.22

1.1.22

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

8,074,067

8,343,832

3.	ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET FUNDS

Other

non-cash

At 1.1.23

Cash flow

changes

At 31.12.23

£

£

£

£

Net cash

Cash at bank

and in hand

8,074,067

3,211,218

11,285,285

8,074,067

3,211,218

11,285,285

Debt

Finance leases

(334,990

)

143,480

(258,881

)

(450,391

)

Debts falling due

within 1 year

(105,475

)

105,475

-

-

(440,465

)

248,955

(258,881

)

(450,391

)

Total

7,633,602

3,460,173

(258,881

)

10,834,894

1.	STATUTORY INFORMATION

Thermoseal Group Limited is a private company, limited by shares , registered in England and Wales. The company's registered number and registered office address can be found on the Company Information page.

2.	ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of preparing the financial statements

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102 "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland" and the Companies Act 2006. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention.

The financial statements are prepared in sterling , which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary amounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.

The principal accounting policies adopted are set out below.

2.1 Preparation of consolidated financial statements

The financial statements contain information about Thermoseal group limited as an individual company and do not contain consolidated information as the parent of a group. The company is exempt under Section 402 and section 405(2) of the Companies Act 2006 from the requirements to prepare consolidated financial statements on the basis that the inclusion of the subsidiary is not material for the purpose of giving a true and fair view. The subsidiary Thermoseal glass equipment limited prepares individual dormant UK company financial statements.

2.2 Turnover

Turnover represents net invoiced sales of goods, excluding value added tax.

Turnover from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer (usually on dispatch of the goods) , the amount of turnover can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

2.3 Tangible fixed assets

Depreciation is provided at the following annual rates in order to write off the cost less estimated residual value of each asset over its estimated useful life or, if held under a finance lease, over the lease term, whichever is the shorter.

Freehold property

-

2% on cost

Short leasehold

-

10% on cost

Plant and machinery

-

20% on reducing balance and 15% on reducing balance

Fixtures and fittings

-

25% on reducing balance and 15% on reducing balance

Motor vehicles

-

25% on reducing balance

Tangible fixed assets are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost or valuation, net of depreciation and any impairment losses.

The gain or loss arising on the disposal of an asset is determined as the difference between the sale

proceeds and the carrying value of the asset, and is credited or charged to profit or loss .

2.4 Fixed asset investments

Interests in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. The investments are assessed for impairment at each reporting date and any impairment losses or reversals of impairment losses are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

A subsidiary is an entity controlled by the company . Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities.

An associate is an entity, being neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture, in which the company holds a long term interest and where the company has significant influence. The company considers that it has significant influence where it has the power to participate in the financial and operating decisions of the associate.

Entities in which the company has a long term interest and shares control under a contractual arrangement are classified as jointly controlled entities .

2.5 Impairment of fixed assets

Recognised impairment losses are reversed if, and only if, the reasons for the impairment loss have ceased to apply. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

2.7 Stocks

Stocks are stated at the lower of cost and estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell. Cost comprises direct materials and, where applicable, direct labour costs and those overheads that have been incurred in bringing the stocks to their present location and condition.

At each reporting date, an assessment is made for impairment. Any excess of the carrying amount of stocks over its estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell is recognised as an impairment loss in profit or loss. Reversals of impairment losses are also recognised in profit or loss.

2.8 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are basic financial assets and include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

2.9 Financial instruments

The company has elected to apply the provisions of Section 11 ‘Basic Financial Instruments’ and Section 12 ‘Other Financial Instruments Issues’ of FRS 102 to all of its financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised in the company's balance sheet when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset, with the net amounts presented in the financial statements , when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Basic financial assets

Basic financial assets, which include debtors and cash and bank balances, are initially measured at transaction price including transaction costs and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the

effective interest method unless the arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the transaction is measured at the present value of the future receipts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial assets classified as receivable within one year are not amortised.

Other financial assets

Other financial assets, including investments in equity instruments which are not subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures, are initially measured at fair value, which is normally the transaction price. Such assets are subsequently carried at fair value and the changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss, except that investments in equity instruments that are not publicly traded and whose fair values cannot be measured reliably are measured at cost less impairment.

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets, other than those held at fair value through profit and loss , are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.

Financial assets are impaired where there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows have been affected. If an asset is impaired, the impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of the estimated cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. The impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

If there is a decrease in the impairment loss arising from an event occurring after the impairment was

recognised, the impairment is reversed. The reversal is such that the current carrying amount does not exceed what the carrying amount would have been, had the impairment not previously been recognised. The impairment reversal is recognised in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or are settled, or when the company transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity, or if some significant risks and rewards of ownership are retained but control of the asset has transferred to another party that is able to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party.

Classification of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities.

Basic financial liabilities

Basic financial liabilities, including creditors, bank loans, loans from fellow group companies and

preference shares that are classified as debt, are initially recognised at transaction price unless the

arrangement constitutes a financing transaction, where the debt instrument is measured at the present value of the future payment ts discounted at a market rate of interest. Financial liabilities classified as payable within one year are not amortised.

Debt instruments are subsequently carried at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method.

Trade creditors are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Amounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade creditors are recognised initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Other financial liabilities

Derivatives, including interest rate swaps and forward foreign exchange contracts, are not basic financial instruments. Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognised in profit or loss in finance costs or finance income as appropriate, unless hedge accounting is applied and the hedge is a cash flow hedge.

Debt instruments that do not meet the conditions in FRS 102 paragraph 11.9 are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. Debt instruments may be designated as being measured at fair value though profit or loss to eliminate or reduce an accounting mismatch or if the instruments are measured and their performance evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the company’s contractual obligations expire or are discharged or cancelled.

2.10 Equity instruments

Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs. Dividends payable on equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of the company.

2.11 Derivatives

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting end date. The resulting gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship.

A derivative with a positive fair value is recognised as a financial asset, whereas a derivative with a negative fair value is recognised as a financial liability.

2.12 Taxation

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the profit and loss account because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The company’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all timing differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the timing difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the profit and loss account, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

2.13 Research and development

Expenditure on research and development is written off in the year in which it is incurred.

2.14 Foreign exchange

Transactions in currencies other than pounds sterling are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each reporting end date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the reporting end date. Gains and losses arising on translation in the period are included in profit or loss.

2.15 Leases

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessees. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Assets held under finance leases are recognised as assets at the lower of the assets fair value at the date of inception and the present value of the minimum lease payments. The related liability is included in the balance sheet as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements. The interest is charged to profit or loss so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.

Rentals payable under operating leases, including any lease incentives received, are charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease except where another more systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the lease s asset are consumed.

2.16 Employee benefits

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of stock or fixed assets.

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

2.17 Retirement benefits

The company operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Contributions payable to the scheme and charged to the profit and loss account in the period to which they relate.

3.	JUDGEMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

In the application of the company’s accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised where the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods where the revision affects both current and future periods.

4.

TURNOVER

The turnover and profit before taxation are attributable to the one principal activity of the company.

An analysis of turnover by class of business is given below:

2023

2022

£

£

Insulated glass industry

33,490,312

33,631,642

33,490,312

33,631,642

An analysis of turnover by geographical market is given below:

2023

2022

£

£

United Kingdom

30,355,242

29,731,657

Overseas sales

3,135,070

3,899,985

33,490,312

33,631,642