GREENSHIELDS_AGRI_LIMITED - Accounts

The directors present their annual report and financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2023.

The principal activity of the company continued to be that of arable farming.

The results for the year are set out on page 8.

No ordinary dividends were paid. The directors do not recommend payment of a final dividend.

The directors who held office during the year and up to the date of signature of the financial statements were as follows:

The directors had no interests in the shares of the company during the current or prior years.

The company's current policy concerning the payment of trade creditors is to follow the CBI's Prompt Payers Code (copies are available from the CBI, Centre Point, 103 New Oxford Street, London WC1A 1DU).

The company's current policy concerning the payment of trade creditors is to:

• settle the terms of payment with suppliers when agreeing the terms of each transaction;

• ensure that suppliers are made aware of the terms of payment by inclusion of the relevant terms in contracts; and

• pay in accordance with the company's contractual and other legal obligations.

Trade creditors of the company at the year end were equivalent to 23 day's purchases, based on the average daily amount invoiced by suppliers during the year.

The company operates a treasury function which is responsible for managing the liquidity, interest and foreign currency risks associated with the company’s activities.

The company’s principal financial instruments include derivative financial instruments, the purpose of which is to manage crop price risks arising from the company’s activities. In addition, the company has various other financial assets and liabilities such as trade debtors and trade creditors arising directly from its operations. Derivative transactions which the company enters into principally comprise crop forward and futures contracts. In accordance with company’s treasury policy, derivative instruments are not entered into for speculative purposes.

The company manages its cash and borrowing requirements in order to maximise interest income and minimise interest expense, whilst ensuring the company has sufficient liquid resources to meet the operating needs of the business.

The company is exposed to fair value interest rate risk on its fixed rate borrowings and cash flow interest rate risk on floating rate deposits, bank overdrafts and loans.

Investments of cash surpluses, borrowings and derivative instruments are made through banks and companies which must fulfil credit rating criteria approved by the board.

All customers who wish to trade on credit terms are subject to credit verification procedures where deemed necessary. Trade Receivables are monitored on an ongoing basis and provision is made for doubtful debts where necessary.

The company continuously looks for opportunities to build out its core grain production, grain handling and grain merchandising business so that it is well positioned for any upswing in the agricultural cycle.

The company will consider opportunities leading to the implementation of operational efficiencies, cost savings and a leaner structure which will provide strong cash flow and improve earnings from operations.

The company will continue to maintain tight control over costs of production and capital expenditure on machinery & equipment.

Greaves West & Ayre were appointed as auditor to the company and in accordance with section 485 of the Companies Act 2006, a resolution proposing that they be re-appointed will be put at a General Meeting.

The directors are responsible for preparing the annual report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

•     select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

•     make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

•     state whether applicable UK Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; and

•     prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Each director in office at the date of approval of this annual report confirms that:

•     so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the company's auditor is unaware, and

•     the director has taken all the steps that he / she ought to have taken as a director in order to make himself / herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the company's auditor is aware of that information.

This confirmation is given and should be interpreted in accordance with the provisions of section 418 of the Companies Act 2006.

We have audited the financial statements of Greenshields Agri Limited (the 'company') for the year ended 30 June 2023 which comprise the income statement, the statement of comprehensive income, the statement of financial position, the statement of changes in equity, the statement of cash flows and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and UK adopted international accounting standards.

In our opinion the financial statements:

•     give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 30 June 2023 and of its loss for the year then ended;

•     have been properly prepared in accordance with UK adopted international accounting standards; and

•     have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.

We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit:

• the information given in the strategic report and the directors' report for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

• the strategic report and the directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors' report.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

• adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

• the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

• certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

• we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

As explained more fully in the directors' responsibilities statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists.

Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, is detailed below.

Our approach to identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement in respect of irregularities, including fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations, was as follows:

• the engagement partner ensured that the engagement team collectively had the appropriate competence, capabilities and skills to identify or recognise non- compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

• we identified the laws and regulations applicable to the company through discussions with directors and other management, and from our commercial knowledge and experience of the arable farming sector;

• we focused on specific laws and regulations which we considered may have a direct material effect on the financial statements or the operations of the company, including legislation such as the Companies Act 2006, taxation legislation and health and safety, food hygiene and safety, employment legislation and general farming laws and regulations in relation to both the farm itself and it's workers;

• we assessed the extent of compliance with the laws and regulations identified above through making enquiries of management, contacting the entity’s solicitor for any details of non-compliance and inspecting current year legal expenditure; and

• identified laws and regulations of particular relevance were communicated within the audit team regularly and the team remained alert to instances of non-compliance throughout the audit.

We assessed the susceptibility of the company’s financial statements to material misstatement, including obtaining an understanding of how fraud might occur, by:

• making enquiries of management as to where they considered there was susceptibility to fraud, their knowledge of actual, suspected and alleged fraud;

• considering the internal controls in place to mitigate risks of fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations.

To address the risk of fraud through management bias and override of controls, including any fraud associated with revenue recognition, we:

• performed analytical procedures to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships;

• tested journal entries to identify unusual transactions;

• assessed whether judgements and assumptions made in determining the accounting estimates set out in notes 11, 14 and 21 were indicative of potential bias;

• reviewed the work of the management's expert to ensure no indication of bias;

• traced a sample of grain sales transactions from weigh bridge tickets and collection notes to invoices and then to postings to the nominal ledgers;

• performed a sales proof in total in order to reconcile crop-in-store records to revenue receipts;

• selected a number of contract farming agreements and tested income derived from these contracts to ensure it is complete;

• traced a sample of sales around the year-end from source documentation to invoice to ensure cut-off is operating correctly;

• reviewed and recalculated accrued income to ensure cut off is correct;

• evaluated the business rationale of any significant transactions that are unusual or outside the normal course of business; and

In response to the risk of irregularities and non-compliance with laws and regulations, we designed procedures which included, but were not limited to:

• agreeing financial statement disclosures to underlying supporting documentation;

• reading the minutes of meetings of those charged with governance;

• enquiring of management as to actual and potential litigation and claims against the company;

• reviewed company controls over ensure all members of staff hold correct certificates and licenses to perform their duties; and

• reviewed a sample of workers certificates and licenses held on file to ensure all still valid and in date;

There are inherent limitations in our audit procedures described above. The more removed that laws and regulations are from financial transactions, the less likely it is that we would become aware of non-compliance. Auditing standards also limit the audit procedures required to identify non-compliance with laws and regulations to enquiry of the directors and other management and the inspection of regulatory and legal correspondence, if any.

Material misstatements that arise due to fraud can be harder to detect than those that arise from error as they may involve deliberate concealment or collusion.

The laws and regulations which are considered to be significant to the entity relate to health and safety. Discussions are held with management to determine whether any breaches have occurred as well as legal expenditure being scrutinised for any evidence on non-compliance.

The audit was considered capable of identifying irregularities only to the extent of the substantive testing performed and from discussions with management.

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs (UK), we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit.

A further description of our responsibilities is available on the Financial Reporting Council's website at: https://www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report.

This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

The income statement has been prepared on the basis that all operations are continuing operations.

Greenshields Agri Limited is a private company limited by shares incorporated in Scotland. The registered office is 5 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH2 4AN.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted for use in the United Kingdom and with those parts of the Companies Act 2006 applicable to companies reporting under IFRS, except as otherwise stated.

The financial statements are prepared in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary amounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, except for the revaluation of intangible assets. The principal accounting policies adopted are set out below.

The directors have at the time of approving the financial statements, a reasonable expectation that the company has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus the directors continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.

The financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis. The company has net current liabilities of £4,338,775 (2022 £3,901,785) and net liabilities of £149,144 (2022 net asset of £255,771) at 30 June 2023. The company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon conducting successful arable farming activities in the future. Additionally, the entity is dependent on continued financial support of group companies. The group has sufficient cash resources available for its operational needs. The directors have prepared forecast financial information for a period of at least 12 months from the date of issuance of this financial information, and has considered stress scenarios with regard to the key assumptions in the preparation of that financial information.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The company recognises revenue when it transfers control of a product or service to a customer.

When cash inflows are deferred and represent a financing arrangement, the fair value of the consideration is the present value of the future receipts. The difference between the fair value of the consideration and the nominal amount received is recognised as interest income.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer (usually on dispatch of the goods), the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Revenue from a contract to provide services is recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the contract. The stage of completion of the contract is determined by reference to the nature of the work done as part of the harvest year.

Revenue from contracts relates to the provision of contract farming services to customers. Performance obligations are met when the farming work required has been completed for the customer. Payment terms for services varies but services are normally billed twice yearly in February and September with standard payment terms within 30 days thereon. The price of contracts are derived from the market rate of agricultural goods and services.

The company recognises revenue from the following major sources:

• Crop sales

• Contracting income

• Combined heat & power

• Cattle Housing

Intangible assets include entitlements receivable under the Basic Payment Scheme. Such assets are held at their fair value and reviewed annually for impairment. Any impairment losses are taken to the statement of comprehensive income and revaluation gains are held within a revaluation surplus within equity.

Also included as a separate class of intangible assets are Mineral Resource Exploration and Evaluation assets recognised in accordance with IFRS6. Such assets are held at their cost and amortised over a period of 10 years in order to reflect the expected timescales to implement a commercially viable arrangement to extract the resource. Amortisation of these assets are recognised in administrative expenses - depreciation of the income statement and the carrying value of these assets at the yearend is expected to be amortised over the remaining 8 years. They are also reviewed annually for impairment by reference to the likelihood of successfully being able to extract the mineral resource and the ability to recover the carrying amount of exploration and evaluation asset through its successful development. Any impairment losses are taken to the statement of comprehensive income.

Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost or valuation, net of depreciation and any impairment losses.

Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their useful lives on the following bases:

The gain or loss arising on disposal or retirement of an asset is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and is recognised in the income statement.

At each reporting end date, the company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell. Cost comprises direct materials and, where applicable, direct labour costs and those overheads that have been incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Inventories held for distribution at no or nominal consideration are measured at the lower of cost and replacement cost, adjusted where applicable for any loss of service potential.

Net realisable value is the estimated selling price less all estimated costs of completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution.

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.

Financial assets are recognised in the company's statement of financial position when the company becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets are classified into specified categories, depending on the nature and purpose of the financial assets.

At initial recognition, financial assets classified as fair value through profit and loss are measured at fair value and any transaction costs are recognised in profit or loss. Financial assets not classified as fair value through profit and loss are initially measured at fair value plus transaction costs.

IFRS 13 establishes a single source of guidance for all fair value measurements. IFRS 13 does not change when an entity is required to use fair value, but rather provides guidance on how to measure fair value under IFRS when fair value is required or permitted. The resulting calculations under IFRS 13 affected the principles that the company uses to assess the fair value, but the assessment of fair value under IFRS 13 has not materially changed the fair values recognised or disclosed. IFRS 13 mainly impacts the disclosures of the company. It requires specific disclosures about fair value measurements and disclosures of fair values, some of which replace existing disclosure requirements in other standards.

Financial instruments are classified as financial assets measured at amortised cost where the objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows, and the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest. They arise principally from the provision of goods and services to customers (eg trade receivables). They are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs directly attributable to their acquisition or issue, and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method, less provision for impairment where necessary.

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity.

The company recognises financial debt when the company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. Financial liabilities are classified as either 'financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss' or 'other financial liabilities'.

Other financial liabilities, including borrowings, trade payables and other short-term monetary liabilities, are initially measured at fair value net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issuance of the financial liability. They are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. For the purposes of each financial liability, interest expense includes initial transaction costs and any premium payable on redemption, as well as any interest or coupon payable while the liability is outstanding.

Financial liabilities are derecognised when, and only when, the company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled, or they expire.

The company has one operating segment, being operation of farming activities. This encompasses the production and sale of arable crops together with the production of renewable energies as well as the provision of contract farming and cattle housing services alongside this. Management reviews the business as a whole and does not operate the business on a component basis.

Derivative financial instruments are utilised by the company to manage risks in relation to the market price risk of crop prices. Derivative financial instruments are initially measured at cost, which included transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition these instruments are measured at fair value and changes are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in the year in which they arise.

Current tax is measured at amounts expected to be paid using rates and laws that have substantively been enacted by the balance sheet date.

The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit, and is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

The preparation of the financial statement requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future periods affected. Significant estimates and assumptions include biological assets, accrued income and right of use assets (under IFRS16).

Biological assets are measured at fair value, less costs to sell, with any change therein recognised in profit or loss. The company determines fair values for biological assets using LIFFE (London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange) prices, crop yields are based on company historical data and management expertise and company historical and projected costs of production. Further information about the assumptions made in measuring fair values is included in note 14 - Inventories.

Income due to the company in respect of Renewable Heat Incentive subsidy entitlements have been estimated at the yearend based on expected rates of income per unit. Directors multiply expected rates of income by the number of subsidy unit entitlements or energy units produced in order to quantify what is due to the company at the yearend.

Those assets under operating lease commitments, under IFRS 16, are capitalised at the net present value based on discounting operating lease payments through the use of an incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the interest rate the company would incur if they were to purchase the leased asset through finance/loan. Further information about the assumptions made in measuring fair values is included in note 11 - Property, plant and equipment.

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be recognised as part of the cost of inventories or non-current assets.

The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.

At inception, the company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease within the scope of IFRS 16. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Where a tangible asset is acquired through a lease, the company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. Right-of-use assets are included within property, plant and equipment, apart from those that meet the definition of investment property.

The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date plus any initial direct costs and an estimate of the cost of obligations to dismantle, remove, refurbish or restore the underlying asset and the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use assets are determined on the same basis as those of other property, plant and equipment. The right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are unpaid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the company's incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise fixed payments, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, and the cost of any options that the company is reasonably certain to exercise, such as the exercise price under a purchase option, lease payments in an optional renewal period, or penalties for early termination of a lease.

The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in: future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate; the company's estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; or the company's assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases of land that have a lease term of 12 months or less, or for leases of low-value assets. The payments associated with these leases are recognised in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Grants relating to an asset are recognised in the statement of financial position by deducting the grant from the cost of the asset to arrive at the carrying amount of the asset.

Transactions in currencies other than pounds sterling are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each reporting end date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the reporting end date. Gains and losses arising on translation are included in the income statement for the period.

Foreign currencies

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate existing on the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate existing at the balance sheet date. Gains and losses on foreign exchange are dealt with through the profit and loss account.

Biological assets

Biological assets are measured on initial recognition and at each balance sheet date at fair value in accordance with IAS 41. Any changes in fair value are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in the year in which they arise.

Other farming income

Other farming income is comprised primarily of land rentals for farming, wayleaves, easements and similar. Income is recognised on an accruals basis.

In the current year, there are no new and revised Standards and Interpretations have been adopted by the company and have an effect on the current period or a prior period or may have an effect on future periods.

At the date of authorisation of these financial statements, the following Standards and Interpretations, which have not yet been applied in these financial statements, were in issue but not yet effective (and in some cases had not yet been adopted by the EU):

In the application of the company’s accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised, if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The estimates and assumptions which have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are outlined below.

Biological assets are measured at fair value, less costs to sell, with any change therein recognised in profit or loss. The group determines fair values for biological assets using LIFFE (London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange) prices, crop yields are based on company historical data and management expertise and company historical and projected costs of production.

Leases and associated with Right of Use Assets are capitalised at the net present value based on discounting operating lease payments through the use of an incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the interest rate the company would incur if they were to purchase the leased asset through finance/loan.

Income due to the company in respect of Renewable Heat Incentive subsidy entitlements have been estimated at the yearend based on expected rates of income per unit. Directors multiply expected rates of income by the number of subsidy unit entitlements or energy units produced in order to quantify what is due to the company at the yearend.

Turnover relates to the sale of crops, basic payment scheme subsidy, other farming related income, contract farming income, CHP energy output and related subsidy income and income derived from rental of land.

The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the company during the year was:

Their aggregate remuneration comprised:

The company has losses of £234,871 (2022 losses carried forward £234,871) available for carry forward against future holiday let profits. No deferred tax asset has been recognised in respect of these losses due to uncertainty over timing of their recoverability. Instead, the trading losses carried forward of £1,112,165 (2022 £Nil) have been deducted to reduce the deferred tax expense giving a benefit of £211,312.

The charge for the year can be reconciled to the (loss)/profit per the income statement as follows:

In addition to the amount charged to the income statement, the following amounts relating to tax have been recognised directly in other comprehensive income:

Intangible assets consist of two separate classes. The first class relates to Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) entitlements and are held at fair value. The BPS is the United Kingdom's main agricultural subsidy and entitlement gives the right to payment, provided it is supported by a hectare of eligible land and is actively farmed.

At 30 June 2023, had the Basic Payment Scheme entitlements been carried at historical cost their carrying amount would have been approximately £74,397 (2022 £74,397).

During the year to 30 June 2023, the Basic Payment Scheme entitlement was valued by George F. White at £116,976.

The second class of intangible asset relates to the Exploration for & Evaluation of Mineral Resources which are held at cost. The company is currently exploring and evaluating the commercial viability of extracting minerals from owned land and as part of this has incurred costs associated with geological studies, exploratory drilling, sampling and other activities in relation to evaluating the technical feasibility and commercial viability of quarrying the mineral resource. These costs are likely to generate economic benefits to the company once the necessary planning permissions have been obtained and a viable commercial partner has been found. The costs have therefore been capitalised as an intangible asset and are being amortised over a period which reflects the likely timescales until extraction commences.

So far to date, £165,215 of costs have been incurred in respect of the exploration and evaluation of mineral resources. Of this, £360 of investing cash flows were expended during the period on further developing the intangible asset.

Investment balance relates to unlisted investments in Tynegrain Limited, Anglia Farmers and Haddington Farmers Limited held at fair value. The investment carrying value is considered by the Board of Directors for fair value movements at least annually based on recent transactions and the underlying asset value of the investment. There have been no changes during the year and the carrying value of investments is deemed to be their fair value.

Cash deposits and financial transactions give rise to credit risk in the event that counter parties fail to perform under the contract. The company monitors the credit ratings of its counter parties where necessary and controls the amount of credit risk by adhering to limits set by the board. The company maintains debtor levels to a manageable level unless it has strong grounds for allowing increases. As a consequence of these controls, the probability of material loss is considered to be at an acceptable level.

The directors regularly review the company's financial instruments in order to monitor any increase in credit risk in respect of financial instruments since initial recognition.

The carrying amount of financial assets recorded in the financial statements, which is net of impairment losses, represents the company's maximum exposure to credit risk.

The company does not hold any collateral or other credit enhancements to cover this credit risk.

Included within inventories are biological assets which consists of £1,813,781 (2022 £2,444,373) relating to 2,475 ha of growing crops and £459,176 (2022 £344,417) relating to harvested stocks in store at the year end.

Growing crops consist of various cereals and pulses. The expected output of each has been estimated based on the expected crop yields and actual growing crop areas as at the year end.

The entity utilises forwards, futures and options in order to mitigate the risk of any major fluctuations in commodity prices between the balance sheet date and date of delivery. Any net gains or losses on the fair value position of these contracts at the year end has been recognised within the statement of comprehensive income.

Also included within inventories are other sundry stocks of £203,975 (2022 £721,426) which consists of various other stocks in relation to the farming and renewable energy activities.

Trade receivables disclosed above are classified as loans and receivables and are therefore measured at amortised cost.

The directors consider that the carrying amounts of financial liabilities carried at amortised cost in the financial statements approximate to their fair values.

Liquidity risk is the risk that the company will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial obligations that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The company's approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when they are due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the company's reputation.

Responsibility for liquidity risk management rests with the board of directors, which has established an appropriate liquidity risk management framework for the management of the company's funding and liquidity management requirements. The company manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves, banking facilities and reserve borrowing facilities, by continuously monitoring forecast and actual cash flows, and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities.

UK grain prices are largely determined by world prices and the dynamics of the global grain market. The company seeks to use its grain market analysis to optimise timing for crop price hedging. In addition the company seeks to optimise the premium it earns over the underlying commodity price through growing specific quality grains for local big brand customers. The company utilises the cash and futures markets to hedge its position. All trades are recapped by the outside broker to the executive management team. The group CEO reports the overall group "long" and "short" position on a daily basis as part of a daily grain market report to the executive management team. The executive management team monitor the company's exposure on an ongoing basis through a daily conference call and regular email discussion.

There has been no change in the company's objectives, policies and processes for managing this risk during the year.

Fair value measurements are categorised into different levels in the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs to valuation techniques used. The different levels are defined as follows:

Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the company can access at the measurement date.

Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The company determines Level 2 fair values for biological assets using LIFFE (London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange) prices, crop yields are based on company historical data and management expertise, and company historical and projected costs of production. For further information relating to biological assets, please refer to note 14.

The company determines Level 2 fair values for forward crop trades based on LIFFE prices and Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) prices.

The company determines Level 3 fair values for the unlisted investment in Tynegrain Limited and other unlisted investments based on the value of the last trade of shares in Tynegrain Limited and other unlisted investments. For further information relating to fair values of unlisted investments, please refer to note 12.

The company determines Level 3 fair values for Basic Payment Scheme entitlements by utilising the services of a valuation expert, George F. White LLP (RICS certified). Values were primarily determined based on comparable market transactions and placed entitlement values at £100/unit for Region One and £6/unit for Region Two. For further information relating to Basic Payment Scheme entitlements, please refer to Note 10.

The fair value of all other financial instruments are deemed to be approximately reflected by their carrying value.

Intercompany balances relate to balances due to Greenshields Agri Holdings plc and Greenshields Estates Limited and are interest free and repayable on demand.

Lease liabilities are classified based on the amounts that are expected to be settled within the next 12 months and after more than 12 months from the reporting date, as follows:

The leases relate to plant and machinery and land whose carrying amount can be found on note 11.

The following are the major deferred tax liabilities and assets recognised by the company and movements thereon during the current and prior reporting period.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset in the financial statements only where the company has a legally enforceable right to do so.

The company operates a defined contribution pension scheme for all qualifying employees. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the company in an independently administered fund.

The company has one class of ordinary shares which carry no right to fixed income.

The revaluation reserve has arisen on the revaluation of the company's Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) entitlements as detailed within note 10.

Amounts recognised in profit or loss as an expense during the period in respect of lease arrangements are as follows:

All liabilities under operating leases have been recognised as lease liabilities under IFRS 16. There are no further operating lease liabilities to disclose.

The company has provided a floating charge over all property and assets of the company to the Royal Bank of Scotland PLC in connection with the borrowings of its group.

The company manages its capital to ensure that it will be able to continue as a going concern while maximising the return to stakeholders through the optimisation of the debt and equity balance,

The capital structure of the company consists of debt, cash and cash equivalents and equity comprising share capital, reserves and retained earnings. The company reviews the capital structure annually and as part of this review considers that cost of capital and the risks associated with each class of capital.

The company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

At 30 June 2023 the company had capital commitments as follows:

During the year the company entered into the following transactions with related parties:

All related party transactions were made on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm's length transactions.

The following amounts were outstanding at the reporting end date:

The following amounts were outstanding at the reporting end date:

The company has provided a guarantee against two loans drawn by fellow group entity, Greenshields Estates Limited. The guarantee is limited to the value of £4,000,000.

After the year end, the CHP shed including equipment at Lemington was completely destroyed by a fire. Insurance claims are in progress which will aim to fully cover the carrying value of the assets involved.

The company is a fully owned subsidiary of Greenshields Agri Holdings plc, incorporated in the Isle of Man.

The directors are of the opinion that there is no single ultimate controlling party due to the even distribution of voting rights amongst the shareholders with no shareholder having a controlling majority.

The Company is consolidated into the group accounts prepared by Greenshields Agri Holdings plc. This is the only group into which the entity is consolidated.

The directors have reclassified both basic payment entitlement subsidy income and crop futures settlement movements as "Other Operating Income" rather than "Revenue" within the income statement in order to better conform with International Financial Reporting Standard requirements.

These restatements have an overall nil effect on company profit after tax in the prior year, remaining at £1,068,352.