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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022
1.Accounting policies (continued)
The Company only enters into basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other third parties, loans to related parties and investments in ordinary shares.
Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans and other accounts receivable and payable, are initially measured at present value of the future cash flows and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade debtors and creditors, are measured, initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of the cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received. However, if the arrangements of a short-term instrument constitute a financing transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or in case of an out-right short-term loan that is not at market rate, the financial asset or liability is measured, initially at the present value of future cash flows discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument and subsequently at amortised cost, unless it qualifies as a loan from a director in the case of a small company, or a public benefit entity concessionary loan.
Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised cost are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Income and Retained Earnings.
For financial assets measured at amortised cost, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the Statement of Financial Position when there is an enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
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Judgments in applying accounting policies and key sources of estimation uncertainty
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In the application of the company's accounting policies management is required to make judgements,
estimates and assumptions about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily
ascertainable from other sources. The estimates and underlying assumptions are based on historical
experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual outcomes differ from these
estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on a continuing basis. Revisions to accounting
estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised.
The key areas of estimation uncertainty that have a significant effect on the amounts recognised in the
financial statements are described below:
Accrued Expenditure
The company includes a provision for invoices which are yet to be received from and amounts paid in
advance to suppliers. These provisions are estimated based upon the expected values of the invoices
which are issued and services received following the period end.
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