Craggs Holdings Limited - Limited company accounts 23.1

REGISTERED NUMBER: 13024063 (England and Wales)

GROUP STRATEGIC REPORT, REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS AND

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2022

FOR

CRAGGS HOLDINGS LIMITED

Page

Company Information

1

Group Strategic Report

2

Report of the Directors

4

Report of the Independent Auditors

5

Consolidated Income Statement

8

Consolidated Other Comprehensive Income

9

Consolidated Balance Sheet

10

Company Balance Sheet

11

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

12

Company Statement of Changes in Equity

13

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

14

Notes to the Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

15

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

16

DIRECTORS:

Mrs H L Bingham

C Bingham

M Crockett

J P Sharp

R S Wallace

REGISTERED OFFICE:

The Craggs Country Business Park

New Road

Cragg Vale

Hebden Bridge

West Yorkshire

HX7 5TT

REGISTERED NUMBER:

13024063 (England and Wales)

AUDITORS:

Cresswells Accountants (UK) Limited

Chartered Accountants

and Statutory Auditors

12 Market Street

Hebden Bridge

West Yorkshire

HX7 6AD

The directors present their strategic report of the company and the group for the year ended 31st December 2022.

The business is a significant oil distribution business supplying homes, farms, businesses and public sector companies with low emission HVO fuels, heating oils, gas oil (red diesel), DERV (white diesel), industrial fuels, lubricants and fuel services. With bases in Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, and Padiham in Lancashire, Craggs Energy, predominantly serves the North of England. A strong emphasis on customer service and the use of technology, provides an efficient and innovative service.

REVIEW OF BUSINESS

In March 2022, the Directors transferred 100 per cent of the shares in the businesses to their teams by establishing an Employee Ownership Trust (EOT), funded by future profits. This has had a positive impact across the business, with increased levels of engagement, innovation and staff satisfaction. The business has also seen a number of new customers joining, recognising the benefits of working with a business owned by its employees.

The Directors are pleased with the performance for the year, with the investment in staff and new vehicles driving increases in revenue and margins. The regular monitoring of performance against forecasts and industry KPI's, ensures the business delivers efficient and competitive products to its customers.

The business continues to focus on customer service, and whilst the sector suffered from supply shortages, Craggs was able to use its various supply lines to maintain its support for its customers.

Craggs recognises the need to help customers move to renewable and sustainable fuels and has invested alongside Green Biofuels to provide B2B suppliers, customers and businesses a renewable alternative to both red and white diesel, by opening the first in-land HVO distribution hub in the UK supplying Green Biofuels' Gd+ HVO.

PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

The Directors are aware of the various risks inherent in the business and meet regularly to consider them, ensuring that suitable management processes are in place to avoid, control or mitigate where possible. The key business risks are:

Credit risk

Craggs principle financial assets are cash, stock and trade debtors and the company's credit risk is primarily associated with trade debtors. This risk is managed by a strict policy of credit checking and reviewing all new and existing commercial customers. The company also maintains credit insurance to help mitigate this risk.

Commodity Price risk

Due to potential price fluctuations in the wholesale fuel market a price risk exists. Craggs seeks to mitigate this risk by having low levels of stock and short lead times between purchasing stock and delivering it to customers. Craggs also uses a proactive daily pricing policy aimed at minimising this risk.

Liquidity risk

Craggs seeks to manage liquidity risk by having sufficient funds and banking facilities in place to meet current and future working capital requirements.

Environmental and regulatory risk

The company is subject to environmental and regulatory risk due to the inherent nature of the sector in which it operates. Craggs ensures it meets all its environmental and regulatory requirements by having suitably qualified individuals and systems in place.

FINANCIAL KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The Directors use a combination of financial and non-financial KPIs, monitored on a monthly basis with variances acted upon as required, to determine how well the company is performing against its objectives and overall strategy.

KPI's

- Volumes ordered

- Quantities delivered

- Gross margins by product per litre

- Transport and operational costs

- Trade debtors and ageing

- Stock levels

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Craggs Holdings Limited will continue to serve its loyal customer base with traditional products whilst promoting greener alternatives such as HVO and the use of offsetting.

The ongoing investment in new more efficient vehicles, staff training and improved IT systems will provide the platform for further organic growth.

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

J P Sharp - Director

12th September 2023

The directors present their report with the financial statements of the company and the group for the year ended 31st December 2022.

DIVIDENDS

The total distribution of dividends for the year ended 31 December 2022 will be £1,547,317.(2021 £47,313).

DIRECTORS

The directors shown below have held office during the whole of the period from 1st January 2022 to the date of this report.

Mrs H L Bingham

C Bingham

M Crockett

J P Sharp

R S Wallace

Other changes in directors holding office are as follows:

Mrs J A Thornber - resigned 28th February 2022

STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES

The directors are responsible for preparing the Group Strategic Report, the Report of the Directors and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and the group and of the profit or loss of the group for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the directors are required to:

-	select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

-	make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;

-	prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the company will continue in business.

The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company's and the group's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and the group and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and the group and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

STATEMENT AS TO DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION TO AUDITORS

So far as the directors are aware, there is no relevant audit information (as defined by Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006) of which the group's auditors are unaware, and each director has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a director in order to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the group's auditors are aware of that information.

AUDITORS

The auditors, Cresswells Accountants (UK) Limited, will be proposed for re-appointment at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting.

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD:

J P Sharp - Director

12th September 2023

Opinion

We have audited the financial statements of Craggs Holdings Limited (the 'parent company') and its subsidiaries (the 'group') for the year ended 31st December 2022 which comprise the Consolidated Income Statement, Consolidated Other Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Balance Sheet, Company Balance Sheet, Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, Company Statement of Changes in Equity, Consolidated Cash Flow Statement and Notes to the Consolidated Cash Flow Statement, Notes to the Financial Statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 'The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

-	give a true and fair view of the state of the group's and of the parent company affairs as at 31st December 2022 and of the group's profit for the year then ended;

-	have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and

-	have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the group in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC's Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Conclusions relating to going concern

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the group's and the parent company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Other information

The directors are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information in the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors, but does not include the financial statements and our Report of the Auditors thereon.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006

In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit:

-	the information given in the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors for the financial year for which the financial statements are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and

-	the Group Strategic Report and the Report of the Directors have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.

Matters on which we are required to report by exception

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and the parent company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Group Strategic Report or the Report of the Directors.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters where the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

-	adequate accounting records have not been kept by the parent company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

-	the parent company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

-	certain disclosures of directors' remuneration specified by law are not made; or

-	we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

Responsibilities of directors

As explained more fully in the Statement of Directors' Responsibilities set out on page four, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the group's and the parent company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate the group or the parent company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditors' responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue a Report of the Auditors that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

We obtained an understanding of the legal and regulatory frameworks that are applicable to Craggs Holdings Limited and determined that the most significant are those that relate to the reporting framework (Companies Act 2006) and the relevant tax compliance regulations in the jurisdictions in which Craggs Holdings Limited operates. In addition, we concluded that there are certain significant laws and regulations that may have an effect on the determination of the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and those laws and regulations relating to health and safety, employee matters, environmental, and bribery and corruption practices.

We understood how Craggs Holdings Limited is complying with those frameworks by making enquiries of management and those responsible for legal and compliance procedures. We corroborated our enquiries through our review of board minutes and papers provided to the audit team.

We assessed the susceptibility of Craggs Holdings Limited's Financial Statements to material misstatement, including how fraud might occur, we utilised internal and external information to perform a fraud risk assessment. We considered the risk of fraud through management override and, in response, we incorporated a review of manual journal entries into our audit approach. We also considered the possibility of fraudulent or corrupt payments made through third parties.

Based on the results of our risk assessment we designed our audit procedures to identify non-compliance with such laws and regulations identified above.

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council's website at www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our Report of the Auditors.

Use of our report

This report is made solely to the company's members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company's members those matters we are required to state to them in a Report of the Auditors and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the company and the company's members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

John Dakin BSc FCA (Senior Statutory Auditor)

for and on behalf of Cresswells Accountants (UK) Limited

Chartered Accountants

and Statutory Auditors

12 Market Street

Hebden Bridge

West Yorkshire

HX7 6AD

12th September 2023

TURNOVER

67,621,036

50,789,200

Cost of sales

61,825,557

45,116,847

GROSS PROFIT

5,795,479

5,672,353

Administrative expenses

4,240,984

4,524,965

1,554,495

1,147,388

Other operating income

73,722

398,910

OPERATING PROFIT

4

1,628,217

1,546,298

Interest receivable and similar income

-

3

1,628,217

1,546,301

Interest payable and similar expenses

5

71,002

37,573

PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION

1,557,215

1,508,728

Tax on profit

6

135,730

556,787

PROFIT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR

1,421,485

951,941

Profit attributable to:

Owners of the parent

1,421,485

951,941

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

1,421,485

951,941

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

-

-

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR

1,421,485

951,941

Total comprehensive income attributable to:

Owners of the parent

1,421,485

951,941

FIXED ASSETS

Intangible assets

9

4,060,582

3,978,848

Tangible assets

10

2,586,663

2,505,300

Investments

11

-

-

6,647,245

6,484,148

CURRENT ASSETS

Stocks

12

811,046

388,353

Debtors

13

5,839,143

4,592,901

Cash at bank and in hand

786,944

801,696

7,437,133

5,782,950

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due within one year

14

8,285,124

6,243,516

NET CURRENT LIABILITIES

(847,991

)

(460,566

)

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES

5,799,254

6,023,582

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due after more than one year

15

(1,274,438

)

(1,520,053

)

PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES

18

(441,836

)

(298,592

)

NET ASSETS

4,082,980

4,204,937

CAPITAL AND RESERVES

Called up share capital

19

10,764

6,889

Share premium

20

3,293,417

3,293,417

Retained earnings

20

778,799

904,631

SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

4,082,980

4,204,937

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 12th September 2023 and were signed on its behalf by:

J P Sharp - Director

FIXED ASSETS

Intangible assets

9

-

-

Tangible assets

10

-

-

Investments

11

5,182,030

5,182,030

5,182,030

5,182,030

CURRENT ASSETS

Debtors

13

3,893

-

CREDITORS

Amounts falling due within one year

14

1,881,742

1,881,724

NET CURRENT LIABILITIES

(1,877,849

)

(1,881,724

)

TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES

3,304,181

3,300,306

CAPITAL AND RESERVES

Called up share capital

19

10,764

6,889

Share premium

3,293,417

3,293,417

SHAREHOLDERS' FUNDS

3,304,181

3,300,306

Company's profit for the financial year

1,500,004

-

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies regime.

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 12th September 2023 and were signed on its behalf by:

J P Sharp - Director

Called up

share

Retained

Share

Total

capital

earnings

premium

equity

£

£

£

£

Balance at 16th November 2020

-

3

(9,891

)

(9,888

)

Changes in equity

Issue of share capital

6,889

-

3,303,308

3,310,197

Dividends

-

(47,313

)

-

(47,313

)

Total comprehensive income

-

951,941

-

951,941

Balance at 31st December 2021

6,889

904,631

3,293,417

4,204,937

Changes in equity

Issue of share capital

3,875

-

-

3,875

Dividends

-

(1,547,317

)

-

(1,547,317

)

Total comprehensive income

-

1,421,485

-

1,421,485

Balance at 31st December 2022

10,764

778,799

3,293,417

4,082,980

Called up

share

Retained

Share

Total

capital

earnings

premium

equity

£

£

£

£

Changes in equity

Issue of share capital

6,889

-

3,293,417

3,300,306

Balance at 31st December 2021

6,889

-

3,293,417

3,300,306

Changes in equity

Issue of share capital

3,875

-

-

3,875

Dividends

-

(1,500,004

)

-

(1,500,004

)

Total comprehensive income

-

1,500,004

-

1,500,004

Balance at 31st December 2022

10,764

-

3,293,417

3,304,181

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash generated from operations

1

3,023,136

2,685,215

Interest paid

(48,434

)

(19,994

)

Interest element of hire purchase payments paid

(22,568

)

(10,151

)

Finance costs paid

-

(7,428

)

Tax paid

(257,375

)

(160,556

)

Net cash from operating activities

2,694,759

2,487,086

Cash flows from investing activities

Purchase of intangible fixed assets

(591,409

)

548,585

Purchase of tangible fixed assets

(108,615

)

(1,458,384

)

Sale of tangible fixed assets

32,610

20,115

Interest received

-

3

Net cash from investing activities

(667,414

)

(889,681

)

Cash flows from financing activities

Loan repayments in year

(266,666

)

(266,667

)

Capital repayments in year

(231,989

)

(213,732

)

Share issue

3,875

(584,520

)

Cash in subsidiary at acquisition

-

316,523

Equity dividends paid

(1,547,317

)

(47,313

)

Net cash from financing activities

(2,042,097

)

(795,709

)

(Decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents

(14,752

)

801,696

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

2

801,696

-

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

2

786,944

801,696

1.	RECONCILIATION OF PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION TO CASH GENERATED FROM OPERATIONS

Period

16.11.20

Year ended

to

31.12.22

31.12.21

£

£

Profit before taxation

1,557,215

1,508,728

Depreciation charges

906,207

490,382

(Profit)/loss on disposal of fixed assets

(8,322

)

2,098

Finance costs

71,002

37,573

Finance income

-

(3

)

2,526,102

2,038,778

Increase in stocks

(422,693

)

(17,017

)

Increase in trade and other debtors

(1,245,931

)

(264,105

)

Increase in trade and other creditors

2,165,658

927,559

Cash generated from operations

3,023,136

2,685,215

2.	CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The amounts disclosed on the Cash Flow Statement in respect of cash and cash equivalents are in respect of these Balance Sheet amounts:

Year ended 31st December 2022

31.12.22

1.1.22

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

786,944

801,696

Period ended 31st December 2021

31.12.21

16.11.20

£

£

Cash and cash equivalents

801,696

-

3.	ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET DEBT

Other

non-cash

At 1.1.22

Cash flow

changes

At 31.12.22

£

£

£

£

Net cash

Cash at bank

and in hand

801,696

(14,752

)

786,944

801,696

(14,752

)

786,944

Debt

Finance leases

(540,020

)

231,989

-

(701,601

)

Debts falling due

within 1 year

(266,666

)

(1

)

-

(266,667

)

Debts falling due

after 1 year

(1,066,667

)

266,667

-

(800,000

)

(1,873,353

)

498,655

-

(1,768,268

)

Total

(1,071,657

)

483,903

-

(981,324

)

1.	STATUTORY INFORMATION

Craggs Holdings Limited is a private company, limited by shares , registered in England and Wales. The company's registered number and registered office address can be found on the General Information page.

The presentation currency of the financial statements is the Pound Sterling (£).

2.	ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of preparing the financial statements

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102 "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland" and the Companies Act 2006. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured as the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, excluding discounts, rebates, value added tax and other sales taxes. The following criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised:

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when all of the following conditions are satisfied:

- the Company has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer;

- the Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;

- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

- it is probable that the Company will receive the consideration due under the transaction; and

- the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

Goodwill

Goodwill, being the amount paid in connection with the acquisition of a business in 2020, is being amortised evenly over its estimated useful life of ten years.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially measured at cost. After initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Patents and licences are being amortised evenly over their estimated useful life of ten years.

Tangible fixed assets

Depreciation is provided at the following annual rates in order to write off each asset over its estimated useful life.

Freehold property

-

2% on cost

Short leasehold

-

over the term of the lease

Plant and machinery

-

15% on reducing balance and over 20 years

Fixtures and fittings

-

25% on reducing balance and over 5 years

Motor vehicles

-

25% on reducing balance, 15% on reducing balance, over 10 years and over 20 years

Computer equipment

-

over 5 years

Stocks

Stocks are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value, after making due allowance for obsolete and slow moving items.

Financial instruments

The company only enters in basic financial instrument transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors and creditors, loans from banks and other third parties and loans to related parties.

Debt instruments (other than those wholly repayable or receivable within one year), including loans and other accounts receivable and payable, are initially measured at present value of the future cash flows and subsequently at amortised costs using the effective interest method. Debt instruments that are payable or receivable within one year, typically trade debtors and creditors, are measured, initially and subsequently, at the undiscounted amount of cash or other consideration expected to be paid or received. However, if the arrangements of a short-term instrument constitute a financing transaction, like the payment of a trade debt deferred beyond normal business terms or finance at a rate of interest that is not a market rate or in the case of an out-right short-term loan nor at a market rate, the financial asset or liability is measured, initially, at the present value of the future cash flow discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument and subsequently at amortised cost.

Financial assets that are measured at cost and amortised costs are assessed at the end of each reporting period for objective evidence of impairment. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

For financial assets measured at amortised costs, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an assets carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest rate. If a financial asset has a variable interest rate, the discounted rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract.

For financial assets measured at cost less impairment, the impairment loss is measured as the difference between an assets carrying amount and best estimate of the recoverable amount, which is an approximation of the amount that the Company would receive for the asset if it were to be sold at the reporting date.

Taxation

Taxation for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current or deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not discounted.

Current tax is recognised at the amount of tax payable using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed at the balance sheet date.

Timing differences arise from the inclusion of income and expenses in tax assessments in periods different from those in which they are recognised in financial statements. Deferred tax is measured using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the year end and that are expected to apply to the reversal of the timing difference.

Unrelieved tax losses and other deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that they will be recovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits.

Hire purchase and leasing commitments

Rentals paid under operating leases are charged to the statement of comprehensive income on a straight line basis over the lease term.

Benefits received and receivable as an incentive to sign an operating lease are recognised on a straight line basis over the lease term, unless another systemic basis is representative of the time pattern of the lessee's benefit from the use of the leased asset.