The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
a) Statement of compliance
These individual financial statements have been prepared in accordance with FRS 102 "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland" Section 1A and Companies Act 2006, as applicable to companies subject to the small companies' regime. These financial statements for the year ended 31 January 2021 are the first financial statements of the company prepared in accordance with FRS 102 "The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland" Section 1A. The date of transition is 01 August 2019. The transition from {Enter old standard} to FRS 102 Section 1A is not considered to have had a material effect on the financial statements. [this paragraph is only used in the first year of transition to FRS 102 1A.]
b) Basis of preparation
The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis and in accordance with the Companies Act 2006. The presentation and functional currency of the company is pounds sterling. The financial statements are presented in pound units (£) unless stated otherwise.
c) Revenue recognition
Turnover is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and represents amounts receivable for goods supplied and services rendered, stated net of discounts and of Value Added Tax. The company recognises revenue when the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and when specific criteria have been met as described below.
Sale of goods
Sales of goods are recognised when the company has delivered the goods to the customer, no other significant obligation remains unfulfilled that may affect the customer's acceptance of the products and risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to them.
Rendering of services
Rendering of services Revenue from provision of services rendered in the reporting period is recognised when the outcome of a transaction for the rendering of services can be estimated reliably in terms of revenue, costs and its stage of completion of the specific transaction at the end of the reporting period. The stage of completion is determined on the basis of the actual completion of a proportion of the total services to be rendered. When the outcome of a service contract cannot be estimated reliably the company only recognises revenue to the extent of the recoverable expenses recognised.
d) Investments in subsidiaries/jointly controlled entities/associates
Investments in subsidiaries/jointly controlled entities/associates are accounted for at cost less provision for impairment.
e) Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date non-financial assets not carried at fair value, like goodwill, plant, property and equipment and investments in group undertakings are reviewed to determine whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If there is an indication of possible impairment, the recoverable amount of any asset or group of related assets, which is the higher of value in use and the fair value less cost to sell, is estimated and compared with its carrying amount. If the recoverable amount is lower, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount and an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
If an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset or group of related assets is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but not to exceed the amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset or group of related assets in prior periods. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
f) Financial instruments
The company only enters into basic financial instruments transactions that result in the recognition of financial assets and liabilities like trade and other debtors, cash and cash equivalents, trade and other payables, and loans and borrowings.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value.
Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments. These include:
Trade and other debtors
Trade and other debtors are initially recognised at fair value, based upon discounted cash flows at prevailing interest rates for similar instruments, or at their nominal amount less impairment losses if due in less than 12 months. Subsequent to initial recognition, trade and other receivables are valued at amortised cost less impairment losses [or if a trade debt is deferred beyond normal business terms, it is measured at the present value of the future cash flows discounted at prevailing interest rates for similar instruments].
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash balances and call deposits. The cash and cash equivalents are stated at their nominal values, as this approximates to amortised cost.
Other financial liabilities
Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Loans and borrowings
These are initially recognised at fair value, based upon the nominal amount outstanding. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are recorded at amortised cost. Borrowing costs arising on bank borrowings are expensed as incurred within financial expense using the effective interest method.
Trade and other payables
Trade and other payables are initially recognised at fair value, based upon the nominal amount outstanding. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are recorded at amortised cost.
Effective interest method
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets, other than those at fair value, are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. These financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the investment have been affected. Objective evidence of impairment could include default by a debtor and/or significant financial difficulty of the debtors or counterparty. If objective evidence of impairment is found, an impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.
For financial assets carried at amortised cost, the amount of the impairment loss recognised is the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet if, and only if, there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
Derecognition of financial assets
The company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party. Any interest in such transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the company is recognised as a separate asset or liability.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
The company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the company's obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in profit or loss. |
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