TaxationThe taxation expense represents the aggregate amount of current and deferred tax recognised in thereporting period. Tax is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income, except to the extent thatit relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in capital and reserves. In thiscase, tax is recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in capital and reserves, respectively.Current tax is recognised on taxable profit for the current and past periods. Current tax is measured atthe amounts of tax expected to pay or recover using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted orsubstantively enacted at the reporting date.Deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences at the reporting date. Unrelieved taxlosses and other deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that they will berecovered against the reversal of deferred tax liabilities or other future taxable profits. Deferred tax ismeasured using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by thereporting date that are expected to apply to the reversal of the timing difference.ImpairmentA review for indicators of impairment is carried out at each reporting date, with the recoverable amountbeing estimated where such indicators exist. Where the carrying value exceeds the recoverableamount, the asset is impaired accordingly. Prior impairments are also reviewed for possible reversal ateach reporting date.When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, an estimate is madeof the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The cash-generatingunit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that includes the asset and generates cash inflows thatare largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.ProvisionsProvisions are recognised when the entity has an obligation at the reporting date as a result of a pastevent; it is probable that the entity will be required to transfer economic benefits in settlement and theamount of the obligation can be estimated reliably. Provisions are recognised as a liability in thestatement of financial position and the amount of the provision as an expense.Provisions are initially measured at the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation atthe reporting date and subsequently reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the currentbest estimate of the amount that would be required to settle the obligation. Any adjustments to theamounts previously recognised are recognised in profit or loss unless the provision was originallyrecognised as part of the cost of an asset. When a provision is measured at the present value of theamount expected to be required to settle the obligation, the unwinding of the discount is recognised in finance costs in profit or loss in the period it arises.Financial instrumentsA financial asset or a financial liability is recognised only when the company becomes a party to thecontractual provisions of the instrument.Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at the transaction price, unless the arrangementconstitutes a financing transaction, where it is recognised at the present value of the future paymentsdiscounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument.Debt instruments are subsequently measured at amortised cost.Where investments in non-convertible preference shares and non-puttable ordinary shares orpreference shares are publicly traded or their fair value can otherwise be measured reliably, theinvestment is subsequently measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.All other such investments are subsequently measured at cost less impairment.Other financial instruments, including derivatives, are initially recognised at fair value, unless paymentfor an asset is deferred beyond normal business terms or financed at a rate of interest that is not amarket rate, in which case the asset is measured at the present value of the future paymentsdiscounted at a market rate of interest for a similar debt instrument.Other financial instruments are subsequently measured at fair value, with any changes recognised in profit or loss, with the exception of hedging instruments in a designated hedging relationship.Financial assets that are measured at cost or amortised cost are reviewed for objective evidence ofimpairment at the end of each reporting date. If there is objective evidence of impairment, animpairment loss is recognised in profit or loss immediately.For all equity instruments regardless of significance, and other financial assets that are individuallysignificant, these are assessed individually for impairment. Other financial assets or either assessedindividually or grouped on the basis of similar credit risk characteristics.Any reversals of impairment are recognised in profit or loss immediately, to the extent that the reversaldoes not result in a carrying amount of the financial asset that exceeds what the carrying amount wouldhave been had the impairment not previously been recognised.Loss before taxationLoss before taxation is stated after charging/(crediting): 2018 2017 £ £Depreciation of tangible assets 72,000 72,000